However, there was no significant impact on symptoms of psychological disorders such as PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Overall, interventions had positive effects on return to duty, absenteeism, and distress. Study limitations (risk of bias), directness, consistency, precision, and publication bias were considered in rating the quality of evidence for each outcome area. Interventions consisted of resilience training, stress inoculation with biofeedback, mindfulness, psychological first aid, front-line mental health centers, two- to seven-day restoration programs, debriefing (including critical incident stress debriefing), third-location decompression, postdeployment mental health screening, reintegration programs, and family-centered programs. The body of evidence consisted of 38 controlled trials, 35 cohort comparisons, and 42 case studies with no comparison group, reported in 136 publications. The authors conducted a systematic review of studies of interventions designed to prevent, identify, and manage acute occupational stress among military, law enforcement, and first responders.
This lifestyle places stress on personnel, and particularly so on military personnel who may be isolated from support systems and other resources.
Military personnel, police officers, firefighters, and other first responders must prepare for and respond to life-threatening crises on a daily basis.
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